8.3: The Calvin Cycle Uses the Chemical Energy of ATP and NADPH to Reduce CO₂ to Sugar
Key Terms: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P), Rubisco, C₃ Plants, Photorespiration, C₄ Plants, Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM), CAM Plants
BELLWORK: Watch and take your own notes on the Photosynthesis: Calvin Cycle Khan Academy video
IN CLASS READING of Concept 8.3: Pages 173-177 in your text.
From page 173:
1. Explain how the Calvin cycle is similar to the citric acid cycle.
2. Describe how the Calvin cycle is different from the citric acid cycle.
3. State how carbon enters and leaves the Calvin cycle.
4. List the 2 energy molecules consumed during the Calvin cycle.
5. State the name of the carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle (hint: it's not glucose)
6. State how many times the Calvin cycle must take place for the synthesis of one of these molecules.
From page 174
7. Explain how CO₂ gets incorporated in the Calvin cycle.
8. State the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the Calvin cycle.
9. Hypothesize as to why this enzyme is thought to be the most abundant on Earth.
10. List how many ATPs and NADPHs are consumed by the Calvin cycle to produce 1 G3P molecule, and state where this ATP and NADPH come from.
11. Explain what happens to the G3P created by the Calvin cycle.
12. Determine if the light reactions alone or the Calvin cycle alone can make sugar from CO₂.
From page 175
13. Describe how plants must balance photosynthesis (and the need for CO₂) with the prevention of excessive water loss. Be sure to mention stomata in your answer.
14. Explain why C₃ plants are aptly named.
15. List 3 important agricultural C₃ plants.
16. Explain 2 things that cause C₃ plants to produce less sugar,
17. List 2 alternate modes of carbon fixation that have evolved to minimize photorespiration and optimize the Calvin cycle -- even in hot, arid climates.
18. Explain why C₄ plants are aptly named.
19. Explain how a C₄ plant continues to make sugar even when it closes its stomata in order to conserve water.
20. List 2 agriculturally important C₄ plants.
21. Explain why C₄ plants can be said to have a "spatial separation of steps" when it comes to carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle (see Fig 8.18).
22. List 3 CAM plants.
From page 176
23. State when CAM plants open and close their stomata.
24. Explain why CAM plants can be said to have a "temporal separation of steps" when it comes to carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle (see Fig 8.18 on page 175).
25. State how CAM, C₄, and C₃ plants all make sugar from CO₂, even though they have different adaptations to deal with evaporative water loss.
26. Explain how a poison that inhibits an enzyme of the Calvin cycle will also inhibit the light reactions.
27. Describe how photorespiration lowers photosynthetic output.
From page 177
28. State the percentage of organic material made from photosynthesis that is used as fuel for cellular respiration in the plant cell mitochondria.
29. State the polysaccharide (the most abundant organic molecule on the planet!) that plants create from glucose.
2. Describe how the Calvin cycle is different from the citric acid cycle.
3. State how carbon enters and leaves the Calvin cycle.
4. List the 2 energy molecules consumed during the Calvin cycle.
5. State the name of the carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle (hint: it's not glucose)
6. State how many times the Calvin cycle must take place for the synthesis of one of these molecules.
From page 174
7. Explain how CO₂ gets incorporated in the Calvin cycle.
8. State the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the Calvin cycle.
9. Hypothesize as to why this enzyme is thought to be the most abundant on Earth.
10. List how many ATPs and NADPHs are consumed by the Calvin cycle to produce 1 G3P molecule, and state where this ATP and NADPH come from.
11. Explain what happens to the G3P created by the Calvin cycle.
12. Determine if the light reactions alone or the Calvin cycle alone can make sugar from CO₂.
From page 175
13. Describe how plants must balance photosynthesis (and the need for CO₂) with the prevention of excessive water loss. Be sure to mention stomata in your answer.
14. Explain why C₃ plants are aptly named.
15. List 3 important agricultural C₃ plants.
16. Explain 2 things that cause C₃ plants to produce less sugar,
17. List 2 alternate modes of carbon fixation that have evolved to minimize photorespiration and optimize the Calvin cycle -- even in hot, arid climates.
18. Explain why C₄ plants are aptly named.
19. Explain how a C₄ plant continues to make sugar even when it closes its stomata in order to conserve water.
20. List 2 agriculturally important C₄ plants.
21. Explain why C₄ plants can be said to have a "spatial separation of steps" when it comes to carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle (see Fig 8.18).
22. List 3 CAM plants.
From page 176
23. State when CAM plants open and close their stomata.
24. Explain why CAM plants can be said to have a "temporal separation of steps" when it comes to carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle (see Fig 8.18 on page 175).
25. State how CAM, C₄, and C₃ plants all make sugar from CO₂, even though they have different adaptations to deal with evaporative water loss.
26. Explain how a poison that inhibits an enzyme of the Calvin cycle will also inhibit the light reactions.
27. Describe how photorespiration lowers photosynthetic output.
From page 177
28. State the percentage of organic material made from photosynthesis that is used as fuel for cellular respiration in the plant cell mitochondria.
29. State the polysaccharide (the most abundant organic molecule on the planet!) that plants create from glucose.
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