Bacterial Transformation

Go HERE

Gel Electrophoresis

Gel Electrophoresis Simulation...

1. Go HERE
2. As you go through the tutorial, answer the questions in complete sentences on a separate sheet of paper to be turned in.

Chap 15 Lecture Notes are HERE.

14.5: Mutations of One or a Few Nucleotides Can Affect Protein Structure and Function

14.5: Mutations of One or a Few Nucleotides Can Affect Protein Structure and Function

You Must Know: 

• How mutations can change the amino acid sequence of a protein and be able to predict how a mutation can result in changes in gene expression.

Key Terms: Point Mutations, Missense Mutations, Nonsense Mutations, Silent Mutations, Insertions, Deletions, Frameshift Mutation, Mutagens

Bellwork: Watch and take notes on " Mutations: The Potential Power of a Small Change" Amoeba Sisters video.

READING of Concept 14.5: Pages 298-300

1. Define the Key Terms above.

FROM PAGE 298-299

2. Create a graphic organizer that summarizes the 3 main types of point mutations (silent, missense, and nonsense).
3. Decide which type of point mutation typically leads to non-functional proteins.

FROM PAGE 300

4. Create a graphic organizer that summarizes the 2 main types of frameshift mutations (insertion and deletion).
5. Explain why frameshift mutations can have such potentially disastrous effects on the resulting proteins.
6. Describe 1 example of a physical mutagen.
7. Research and describe 1 example of a chemical mutagen that might be present in your home.
8. Explain the connection between carcinogens and mutagens.
9. The template strand of a gene includes this sequence: 3'-TACTTGTCCGATATC-5'. It is mutated to 3'-TACTTGTCCAATATC-5'. For both versions, draw the DNA (infer the coding strand), the mRNA, and the encoded amino acid sequence. What is the effect on the amino acid sequence? Determine which type of mutation this is.
10. Define what a gene is.

Chap 14: From Gene to Protein

Go HERE to transcribe and translate a gene. Answer the following objectives.

1. State the 2 processes that all living things use to read the information in DNA and build proteins.
2. Explain what each gene in a cell's DNA codes for.
3. Briefly explain what happens during transcription.
4. Briefly explain what happens during translation.
5. Describe what proteins do.
6. Sequence the flow of genetic information into proteins.
7. State where in the cell transcription takes place.
8. Infer why transcription takes place in the nucleus.
9. Describe the role of RNA Polymerase in transcription.
10. Describe where the mRNA strand goes.
11. State where in the cell translation takes place.
12. Describe how the instructions in an mRNA strand are read.
13. State which organelle "reads" the mRNA strand.
14. Define codon.
15. Explain the role of tRNA in translation.
16. Define anticodon.
17. State the building block of proteins.
18. Explain what is special about the mRNA codon AUG.
19. Explain what determines the final shape of the protein.
20. Explain what happens when the ribosome reaches a stop codon.
21. Explain what must happen for the chain of amino acids to become a complete and functional protein.

Lecture notes are HERE

13.3: A Chromosome Consists of a DNA Molecule Packed with Proteins

13.3: A Chromosome Consists of a DNA Molecule Packed with Proteins

You Must Know: 

• The general differences between bacterial chromosomes and eukaryotic chromosomes

Key Terms: Nucleoid, Chromatin, Heterochromatin, Euchromatin

Bellwork: Watch and take notes on " What is a Chromosome" Stated Clearly video.

IN CLASS READING of Concept 13.3: Pages 267-269

1. Define the Key Terms above.

FROM PAGE 267

2. Decribe the main component of the genome in most bacteria.
3. Determine whether the nucleoid in bacteria is surrounded by a membrane or not.
4. Calculate the total length of DNA in one human somatic cell in centimeters and then convert to feet.
5. List the 2 main biomolecules found in a eukaryotic chromosome.

FROM PAGE 268-269

6. Explain what happens to DNA's ability to be transcribed as it becomes more highly packaged.
7. Create a t-chart comparing heterochromatin with euchromatin, being sure to include which form can be transcribed and which one cannot. 

13.2 :Many Proteins Work Together in DNA Replication and Repair

13.2 : Many Proteins Work Together in DNA Replication and Repair

You Must Know: 

• That replication is semiconservative and occurs 5' to 3'
• The roles of DNA polymerase, ligase, helicase, and topoisomerase in replication. (LO 3.3)

Connect with the Curriculum Framework

• BIG IDEA 3 - Be able to use a model to illustrate how genetic information is copied for transmission between generations. (LO 3.3) Know the roles of the enzymes involved in DNA Replication

Key Terms: Semiconservative Model, Origins of Replication, Replication Fork, Helicases, Topoisomerase, DNA polymerases, leading strand, lagging strand, Okazaki fragments, DNA Ligase, Mismatch repair, Nucleotide excision repair, nucleases, telomeres

Bellwork: Watch and take notes on "DNA Replication" Amoeba Sisters video.

IN CLASS READING of Concept 13.2: Pages 259-267

1. Define the Key Terms above.

FROM PAGE 260

2. Explain what it means for DNA Replication to be semiconservative, and draw a simple drawing, using different colors, to demonstrate this.

FROM PAGE 261

3. State where DNA Replication begins along a DNA molecule.
4. State the enzymes that untwist the DNA, creating a replication fork.
5. Explain the role of Topoisomerase during DNA Replication.

FROM PAGE 262
6. State the name of the group of enzymes that catalyze the elongation of new DNA at the replication fork.
7. Decide which end (3' or 5') of the preexisting chain new nucleotides are added to. 

FROM PAGE 263-264
8. State the only direction in which the new DNA strand can elongate. 
9. Explain how the fact that DNA is antiparallel leads to there being a leading strand, and a lagging strand.
10. Decide which strand (the leading or lagging) is copied in a simpler way.
11. Describe how the lagging strand is synthesized using Okazaki fragments and DNA ligase.

FROM PAGE 266
12. State the fundamental reason that contributes to the accuracy of DNA replication.
13. Explain how DNA Polymerases contribute to the accuracy of DNA replication while they are adding new nucleotides to the growing strand.
14. Describe mismatch repair.
15. Explain the role of nucleases in nucleotide excision repair.
16. State the type of cell in which a mutation has to happen in if that mutation will be passed from generation to generation.

FROM PAGE 267
17. Explain the relationship between the fact that DNA Polymerases can only add nucleotides to a the 3' ends of pre-existing polynucleotides and telomeres.
18. Go HERE to watch a short video on the immortal (yes, immortal!) HeLa cells.
19. Explain how the enzyme telomerase might make cells immortal.

13.1: DNA is the Genetic Material

13.1 : DNA is the Genetic Material

You Must Know: 

• The knowledge about DNA gained from the work of Griffith; Avery, Macleod, and Mccarty; Hershey and Chase; Wilkins and Franklin; and Watson and Crick

Key Terms: DNA Replication, Transformation, Bacteriophages, Virus, Double Helix, Antiparallel, 

Bellwork: Watch and take notes on "What is DNA?" video.

IN CLASS READING of Concept 13.1: Pages 253-259

1. Define the Key Terms above.

FROM PAGE 254

2. Explain what, until the 1940s, made most biochemists think that proteins would be the molecules of heredity.

 Go HERE to read about the History of DNA. Read the main concept page and then click on the "Animation" link. As you follow through, complete the objectives below.

3. State the name of the scientist who was studying the transforming principle and the organism he was studying.

4. Use a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast the 2 types of bacterial colonies being studied.

5. Explain what happens to the bacteria when it is exposed to heat.

6. Describe the astonishing result Griffith obtained from co-injecting both the heat-killed S strain and the R strain into mice.

7. Summarize Griffith's conclusion from his experiments.

8. Define the words lyse and lysate.

9. List the 4 parts of the bacteria that Avery tested to see which one was the transforming factor.

10. Briefly summarize the method Avery used to test these 4 parts.

11. State the conclusion that Avery drew from his experiments. Which molecule was shown to be the transforming principle?

From page 255

12. Summarize how the Hershey-Chase experiments utilized radioactive isotopes to provide evidence that DNA was the genetic material, not protein.

From page 256

13. Describe Chargaff's observations about the DNA composition in different organisms. 

14. State Chargaff's Rules.

From page 257

15. Describe 2 pieces of information that Rosalind Franklin's x-ray diffraction photo of DNA suggested about the structure of DNA.

From page 258-259

16. State the names of the 2 scientists who were the first to solve the puzzle of the structure of DNA. 

17. Describe the following terms related to DNA and use them in a sketch of the structure of DNA: 

Deoxyribose, Phosphate, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Antiparallel, 5' and 3' ends, Nucleotide, Double Helix
18. Describe how base-pairing rules confirm Chargaff's observations about DNA composition.